Case Study of British Airline Management †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Assignment 1 1.1. Clarify the idea of procedure, state and clarify vision, strategic, targets and center capabilities of British Airways. 1.2. Survey the issues associated with vital arranging. 1.3. Clarify key arranging procedures that associations can utilize, for example, BCG development share lattice, and apply to British Airways. Errand 2 2.1. Complete an (inward) hierarchical review of British Airways especially thinking about qualities and shortcomings (utilizing SWOT), authoritative culture, and benchmarking (to decide current position and execution of BA comparative with different organizations in the business). 2.2. Attempt an outer natural investigation of British Airways utilizing PESTEL model (large scale condition), distinguish openings and dangers present in the outside condition (utilizing SWOT), and industry examination (utilizing Porters 5 Forces structure). 2.3. Utilizing Stakeholder Mapping Technique attempt examination of the British Airways partners and clarify the significance of undertaking partner investigation. Undertaking 3 3.1. Introduce and assess conceivable elective future methodologies of British Airways identifying with meaningful development (level and vertical coordination, related and inconsequential expansion), constrained development (sit idle, techniques depicted in Ansoffs Matrix showcase infiltration, advertise improvement, item advancement) and conservation. 3.2. Select a proper future methodology for British Airways to seek after utilizing Porters Generic Strategies. Assignment 4 4.1. Look at the jobs and duties of the supervisors and (undertaking) colleagues in executing methodology, identify with British Airways, assess on the case of a particular technique (expanding the quantity of trips on Dubai administration in the Middle East, or propelling trips to Seoul in South Korea). 4.2. Assess what assets (budgetary, HR, time, materials and gear/innovation) will be required to execute another methodology for British Airways. 4.3. Talk about targets and timescales set to effectively understand a specific British Airways technique, and utilize these objectives and timescales for assessment. Answer: Errand 1 Arrangement 1.1 English Airline needed to turn into the Global Airline of the world. The system includes the arranging and execution on the ground. BA have purchased the various aircrafts to turn into the second biggest carrier of Europe and 3Rd biggest of the world. The carrier has followed the way of inorganic development by securing different aircrafts (Carpenter and Hanssens, 1994). The system to incorporate an organization with an International Airline of decision if reflect in its vision, strategic, and objectives of the organization. The organization has additionally fabricated the center capabilities in a since quite a while ago race to support and satisfy the goals of the investors. Vision: The drawn out arrangement of the organization to continue in the business as a Global, premium and work and concentrate just in the flying industry. This will bring about creation a huge organization in Aviation business. Crucial: strategic the benchmarks, the organization need to accomplish for the time being. The objective is set for the transient like cost cutting, increment benefit accomplish achievement by increment income. Objectives: The objectives are intended for accomplishing the vision of the organization. The objectives resemble to turn into the aircraft of the decision, increment the tasks, going into the new geologies and so forth (Giapponi and Scheraga, 2010). Center skills: The adaptability and quality of the organization accomplished in the timeframe by making strides like merger and procurement become the ability over the long haul that help Airline to accomplish the target of the organization. Arrangement 1.2 The issues that engaged with the key arranging is the execution at the ground level, the agreeableness of the new strategies by the representatives, acknowledge the workers of the gained organization as the friends, the worker's guild arrangements and so on. The technique ought to be adjust to the basic goals of the organization and the representatives for example the goal is to vanquish the opposition by diminishing the cost, the expense can be decreased either by cutting the avoidable costs like free food or by cutting the worker quality. In spite of the fact that the goal is same yet there will be part of issues and issues if staff quality is chopped down (Six Carrier Mutual Aid Pact: A New Concept of Management Strike Strategy in the Airline Industry, 1960). Arrangement 1.3 The BCG grid is Cash dairy animals, stars, question mark and Dogs. Pooches: The zone of business where the speculation required is low/Nil and the profits/Cash streams are low however steady. The BA have edge in the London showcase and the incomes are steady the organization has just made the generosity in the business sectors and receiving the rewards. The opposition cannot beat BA in this market Money Cows: The Middle East market is the money bovine. It is developing business sector and the center point for the carriers and associate with south east Asia. The venture will give high and stable returns for the organization (Althonayan and Sharif, 2010). Stars: The stars is the US advertise. BA is third biggest carrier organization, initial two are from the US. In US advertise the incomes are high, the speculations are high because of rivalry and the customer need to spend on the ordinary up degree on administrations to continue contending and dealing with its offer in the market. Question Mark: The question mark are the territories were the organization isn't making a big deal about the benefits. BA is engaged eventually premium administrations yet at the same time working inside the Europe on short separation. It doesnt match to its vision and mission so in this way these operational regions to be shut down. Errand 2 Arrangement 2.1 English Airways is driven to the representatives, channel accomplices, clients driven, execution and greatness based. This make them a one of a kind blend of the qualities that is increased over a procedure improvement and securing of different carriers. The decent variety of the representatives, the nearness in the worldwide urban communities, the adaptability of taking quick choices, the economies of scale settle on them a carrier of the selection of workers (Brueckner et al., 2015). We will do the SWOT examination point savvy:- Quality: The multi culture, broadened, huge activities, minimal effort accomplished because of economies of scale, snappy choices to work in Profit making geologies and center methodology in the aircraft business. Shortcoming: The sufficiently large to move or reorient business, multi mix of worker's guilds, the maturing staff of gained organizations, preparing issues to normalized the tasks (Carpenter and Hanssens, 1994). Openings: The representatives are the quality of the any help industry and the fulfilled worker carry pleasure to the customer by serving great. BA can utilize this solidarity to carry separation to the client solace and experience. The way of life of equivalent chance to workers lessen the whittling down and in this way cost of the organization. The assorted variety and worker quality will assist the BA with concentrating on the new possible topographies of business (Czipura and Jolly, 2007). Dangers: The representative become the shortcoming when he joins the opposition. There are courses which are not productive and BA need to close procedure on such courses and cut down the positions. These individuals will join the opposition and will turn into the dangers, as they are prepared, beneficial for the fulfillment and accordingly the cost will descend for contender. Arrangement 2.2 PESTEL: The full scale condition impact any business. The full scale condition comprise of political, natural, social, innovative, lawful. Aircraft business is profoundly controlled by the individual governments. The simplicity of working together makes business manageable. The social acknowledgment is significant on the grounds that the staff, the accomplices originates from the general public so brand worth ought to be reflect certainty among the individuals. The business require advance utilization of innovation. The flight business required part of ventures on headways from the security and wellbeing perspective. The lawful framework ought to be sufficiently vigorous to give the equity to the organization in the event of any misfortune occur. The BA ought to work in such nations which can give these absolute minimum required security for running the activities (Digman, 1980). SWOT: The quality, shortcoming, openings and dangers of the British carriers are as per the following. The quality is the economies of scale and huge activities with trips to 148 areas of the world. The shortcoming is the enormous workforce which is powerless because of reason of significant expense. The dangers is from the full scale condition where the fuel costs are insecure and make the business unviable quickly. The open doors are in the new topographies where the business has no opposition and make great benefits (Diversification as an elective development procedure for the aircraft business, 1982). Watchmen 5 Forces; The danger of the new participants in the market, the dependability to be worked with the clients, the drawn out consent to be finished with the corporates to benefit the administrations so the opposition need to trust that since a long time ago run will support. The bartering intensity of purchasers is risen because of rivalry, the structure of rivalry to be stayed away from by business direction procedures. The dangers of substitute like on the short take, trains, ship ought not remove BA business so the cost ought to be to such an extent that substitution won't be compelling. The providers like fuel, cooks ought to be reliant by making long haul agreements and steadfastness to be diminished over the time. The option ought to be there to stay away from strike like circumstances. Arrangement 2.3 The partners are the channel accomplices of the British carriers. It is one of the center fitness of the BA, the partners are clients, representatives and sellers. The fitness of the partners increment the quality of the organization, the organization is worldwide working in various geologies and it got hard for the focal supervisory group to control the general tasks and s

Purpose of a Literature Review Essay Example for Free

Reason for a Literature Review Essay Reason for a Literature Review to recognize what has just been done/found, comparable to the exploration subject that is being considered and addresses the topic of what necessities to occur straightaway. give a concise outline of research youve read. Exhibit that you comprehend the subject and include huge information inside the field of study and afterward present a defense. Putting forth a defense might be an investigation of research, study, or theoretical contention. Additionally, make certain to incorporate an enticing contention. Toward the finish of a writing audit you ought to recognize a hole or confusion inside the data (distinguish and investigate the hole). My way to deal with composing this writing survey was to some degree like the composition of a standard article. Ive utilized this methodology in past assignments Ive finished including, for example, a story and a commented on book reference. They all have comparative attributes. Thank heavens for this! It gives me a thought of where to begin. I accept these normal attributes are the fundamental subject of the bit of composing and proof/textuality of your point from different readings. Textuality is utilizing bits of composing from different attempts to help your points. Beware, however these articles may fill in as a guide, they likewise have numerous distinctions. What would it be a good idea for you to do straightaway? *Ponders* Information! Data! Data! Be clever, bolster your cases, legitimize your answers. It is significant that you do this in the right way. My most noteworthy exhortation is approach your educator for a companion survey guide and use it as you compose. This will guarantee that your composing is clear, sorted out, streaming, and elegantly composed. In the event that you feel as if you can't do this for yourself, Id propose having another person perused your writing survey so anyone might hear. Dailyns basic strides to composing a writing survey; these are my own thoughts so I have no confirmation on the off chance that they really worked until I recieve criticism. Im trusting I arranged this one. How would you approach writing surveys? Good karma, and until next time. Fare thee well. Writing Reviews What this freebee is about This present will clarify what a writing audit is and offer experiences into the structure and development of a writing survey in the humanities, sociologies, and sciences. Acquaintance OK. Youve got with compose a writing survey. You dust off a novel and a book of verse, settle down in your seat, and prepare to give an approval or disapproval as you leaf through the pages. Writing audit done. Isn't that so? Wrong! The writing of a writing audit alludes to any assortment of materials on a theme, not really the incredible abstract writings of the world. Writing could be anything from a lot of government leaflets on British frontier strategies in Africa to academic articles on the treatment of a torn ACL. What's more, an audit doesn't really imply that your peruser needs you to offer your own input on whether you loved these sources. What is a writing audit, at that point? A writing audit examines distributed data in a specific branch of knowledge, and some of the time data in a specific branch of knowledge inside a specific timespan. A writing audit can be only a basic rundown of the sources, however it for the most part has a hierarchical example and joins both outline and amalgamation. An outline is a recap of the significant data of the source, however a blend is a re-association, or a reshuffling, of that data. It may give another translation of old material or join new with old understandings. Or on the other hand it may follow the scholarly movement of the field, including significant discussions. Furthermore, contingent upon the circumstance, the writing survey may assess the sources and prompt the peruser on the most appropriate or pertinent. In any case, how is a writing survey unique in relation to a scholarly research paper? The fundamental focal point of a scholastic research paper is to build up another contention, and an exploration paper will contain a writing survey as one of its parts. In an exploration paper, you utilize the writing as an establishment and as help for another understanding that you contribute. The focal point of a writing survey, notwithstanding, is to sum up and orchestrate the contentions and thoughts of others without including new commitments. For what reason do we compose writing audits? Writing audits furnish you with a convenient manual for a specific subject. On the off chance that you have restricted time to direct research, writing audits can give you a diagram or go about as a venturing stone. For experts, they are valuable reports that stay up with the latest with what is present in the field. For researchers, the profundity and broadness of the writing audit accentuates the believability of the author in their field. Writing surveys likewise give a strong foundation to an examination papers examination. Exhaustive information on the writing of the field is fundamental to most research papers. Who composes these things, at any rate? Writing surveys are composed at times in the humanities, however for the most part in technical disciplines and sociologies; in examination and lab reports, they establish an area of the paper. Here and there a writing audit is composed as a paper in itself.

Lab Report Final Draft Essay Example

Lab Report Final Draft Paper The understudy directed the test given, utilizing safe lab rehearses, that found the extremity of two separate solvents, and it has been appeared through test celebrates that the speculation shaped in the start of this investigation is valid. It has been deducted from this trial that solvents which break up, or get, water dissolvable inks are polar, while solvents that disintegrate, or get, non water solvent inks are non-polar. Acquaintance In request with decide the extremity of two solvents, ooze and senseless clay, an analysis is being led that will give information to figure an end on the issue. This lab will answer whether the tried solvents are polar or non-polar, just as whether the inks utilized are polar or non-polar. Data was given in the start of the lab clarifying that solitary polar solvents will disintegrate or get polar ink, and just non-polar solvents will break up or get non-polar solvents. Chromatography will be utilized to check ends made on the extremity of the inks. Foundation The lab gave data as the premise to the examination. It was given that polar solvents just get or break up polar substances, just as that monopole solvents just get or disintegrate monopole substances. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report Final Draft explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report Final Draft explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report Final Draft explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Likewise, in the lab presentation, the data analyzes covalent and ionic bonds instructing that he extremity qualities of substances are because of their nuclear structure and atomic shape. For instance: Water is a polar particle because of the electrons being shared between the oxygen iota and the two hydrogen iotas. As the electrons are pulled near the oxygen iota it leaves a marginally positive charge outwardly of the hydrogen particles, while the opposite side of the atom contains a somewhat negative charge. The information on the extremity of water is a control inside this investigation. Target Using the information on polar and non-polar particles, we can watch the heartsickness of the impacts of the test on the inks, and decide the extremity of the solvents. Speculation Knowing the sythesis of the Slime being fundamentally water, the ooze will break up or get the water solvent inks and the senseless clay will get the non-water dissolvable inks. Materials and Methods Materials: (1) 250 ml Beaker 5 ml 4% Borax Solution Dry Erase Marker (1) 10 ml Graduated Cylinder (1) 100 ml Graduated Cylinder Filter Paper (Disk) Filter Paper (Square) 0. G Guar Gum Highlighter Permanent Marker 1 Popsicle Stick Silly Putty Ruler Wooden Stir Stick [emailprotected] Roller Pen Distilled Water Newspaper Notebook Paper Scissors Part 1: Making Slime 1. Weigh out 0. 5 g of guar gum into a 250 ml measuring utencil. 2. Measure 50. 0 ml of refined water into a 100 ml graduated chamber and empty it into the 250 ml recepticle that contains the guar gum. 3. Quickly mix the blend with a wooden mix stick for three minutes, or until the guar gum is broken down. 4. Measure 4. 00 ml of a 4% Borax arrangement into a 10 ml graduated chamber and add it to the guar gum and water. . Mix the arrangement until it becomes sludge. This will take a couple of moments. In the event that the sludge remains excessively runny, include an extra 1. Ml of the 4. 0% Borax arrangement and keep on blending until the ooze is the somewhat runny or gooey. 6. When you are happy with the sludge, empty it into your hands. Be certain not to drop any of it on to the floor. 7. Control the ooze in your grasp. Record perceptions made about how ooze pours, extends, breaks, and so on. In Part 1 of the Data segment. Alert: Slime is elusive and whenever dropped it can make the work territory smooth. . Spot the sludge once again into the recepticle and WASH YOUR HANDS. Section 2: Slime and Putty Ink Tests 1 . On a bit of journal paper make one 20 25 mm long sign of every one of the inks you are trying (indelible mar ker, highlighter, Dry Erase, and [emailprotected] Roller Pen). Space the imprints at any rate one inch separated. Utilize a pencil to name each stamp with its portrayal. A. Water solvent inks incorporate those in highlighters and certain pens. B. Water insoluble inks incorporate those in a changeless pen/markers, newsprint, and a dry-delete markers. 2. While the inks are drying, select an entry or an image in the paper to test with the ooze. 3. Build up a speculation expressing whether you accept the ooze delivered in Part 1 will get newsprint ink. Record this speculation in the Post-Lab Questions area. At that point, sever a little bit of ooze that is 3 5 CM in measurement. Delicately place this piece on the paper print, at that point cautiously get it once more. 4. Watch and record in Table 1 whether the ink was gotten onto the ooze. 5. Sever another little bit of ooze. When the inks from Step 1 have dried delicately place the ooze on the principal spot on the scratch pad paper, at that point cautiously get it. Rehash this for every one of the inks. Watch and record which inks were gotten (broken up) by the ooze in Table 1. 6. Rehash this ink testing two additional occasions for exactness. 7. Speculate which inks the senseless clay will get in the Part 2 of the Data segment. At that point, play out the ink tests with the Silly [emailprotected] as indicated by the strategy sketched out in Steps 5 6. Section 3: Chromatography of Ink Samples 1. Utilize a pencil or scissors to jab a little opening in the middle off bit of channel paper (see Figure 7). 2. Recognize the channel paper uniformly separated roughly 2 CM from the little opening with the two insoluble inks and the two solvent inks that were utilized in Part 2, Step 1. 3. Get a h bit of channel paper. Overlap the paper into equal parts a few times with the goal that it makes a restricted wick. . Supplement the wick into the opening of the spotted paper with the goal that it is over the highest point of the channel paper by roughly 2 CM. 5. Fill a 250 ml measuring utencil 3/4 full with water. 6. Set the channel paper on the container with the goal that the base of the wick is in the water. The paper should hang over the edge of the measuring utencil with the spotted side up. 7. Permit water to go until it is around 1 CM from the edge of the channel paper. Expel the channel paper from the container. 8. See which inks moved from where they were initially spotted. Record your perceptions in Part 3 of the Data segment. In the test, we were given the above guidelines on the most proficient method to make ooze. Senseless clay was given in the lab pack. A 25 CM mark was made on scratch pad paper utilizing four sorts of ink: highlighter ink, cloister adherent ball roller pen ink, perpetual sharpie ink, and dry eradicate marker ink. There was additionally a paper cut used to test the solvents on the paper ink too shaping the aggregate of 5 trial gatherings. The inks are the needy factors in this examination. The solvents were then put on every one of the five inks, multiple times each, to check whether they got or broke down the inks. The solvents are the free factors n this analysis. The consequence of whether the dissolvable picked or broke up the ink was recorded. In the wake of finishing this piece of the test, channel paper was set on a recepticle filled % full with water, with a wick put through the channel paper into the water. Spots of the four individual inks were put on the channel paper. The responses of the inks, as the water went up the wick into the channel paper were recorded. The trial can be investigated further in the above trial procedural advances. Results, Data, and Observation Table 1: Results of Ink Testing for Silly [emailprotected] Name of Ink Picked up (broke up) Did not get Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Newsprint Table 1: Results of Ink Testing for Slime x The above chart represents the discoveries in the investigation. The senseless clay got, or broke up, both the dry eradicate marker ink, and the paper ink. The ooze got, or broke down, the highlighter and unfit roller pen ink. Neither the senseless clay, nor the sludge, got or disintegrated the indelible marker ink. At the point when the ink was set on the channel paper and water was set in the container as the dissolvable, the highlighter and the roller pen ink were both broken up and pulled toward the wick. The indelible marker and the dry delete marker both ere unaffected by the water. Conversation, Data Interpretation, and Experimental Conclusions Seeing the outcomes in the tables above shows the extremity of both the inks and the solvents utilized. Water is a polar atom which bolsters the aftereffects of the chromatography too. The data of the water solvency of the inks utilized was given in the start of this test, and the data was confirmed by the chromatography, which indicated the inks that broke up in water. Both the highlighter and the roller pen were solvent inks. Knowing this, and in knowing the properties of water, implies they are, in truth polar. In the wake of seeing the sludge break up and get hints of both of these inks, it tends to be reasoned that the ooze is polar too. The paper ink, indelible marker, and dry eradicate marker were insoluble inks. The paper ink was not checked by chromatography, nonetheless, both the indelible marker ink, and the dry eradicate marker were; they didn't move over the channel paper when water was included. In observing that the senseless clay got the dry delete marker ink, and the paper ink, it tends to be reasoned that the senseless clay is a non-polar dissolvable. Mistake was found in my analysis in observing that the non-polar dissolvable didn't understand or get the indelible marker.

Market Anomalies Example For Free - Free Essay Example

1 Introduction The post earnings announcement drift (henceforth PEAD) has been the most resilient and widely researched phenomenon since it was first noted over four decades ago by Ball and Brown (1968). This delay in prices assimilating earnings information poses a challenge to the semi-strong form of market efficiency which assumes efficient incorporation of new publicly available information into stock prices (Lui et al 2003). A number of explanations have been put forward to explain the PEAD phenomenon. Bernard and Thomas (1989) explained the phenomenon by two competing theories; 1) failure to adjust abnormal returns fully for risk (inadequacy of the CAPM)[1] and 2) delay in response to earnings reports either due to failure by the investors to assimilate available information and/or that costs involved limits immediate exploitation of earnings information. Earlier academic research,[2] on this phenomenon was based on the US market where PEAD was first observed, but eventually research was extended to other markets such as UK (Lui et al 2003), Spain( Forner et al, 2009) and New Zealand ( Troung, 2010). The findings across markets variedmarkets varied due to methodological issues, risk pricing models, behavioural models as well as country specific factors. This essay seeks to summarise and critically discuss the findings and explanations given by researchers on different markets about the anomaly drawing particular attention to methodological issues, risk pricings models and be havioural aspects. 2 Methodological Issues (International Comparisons) The way in which data is collected matters because it may lead to methodological problems and variance in results. Table 1 summarises the methodology employed in academic papers across different market. US and New Zealand papers used event time to track stock and construct portfolios, this method is subject to look-ahead bias and the requirement of cutting off values using deciles in early research design could be misleading. UK and Spain studies applied a calendar time method to fix these problems and provided an easy way of implementing investment strategies. Table 1 here? Earnings measurement variables are decided after the data collection. Though SUE probably is the most commonly used measurement for earnings, it can be calculated in very different ways in different circumstances. The selected US and UK papers standardize the unexpected earnings by its prior forecast errors, this adjustment allowed comparison of firms with different volatilities. Spanish study scaled the unexpected earnings with book value of equity at beginning of the year and New Zealand paper scale earnings with stock price prior the announcement to address the mispricing problem. Analyst forecast based measurement is also widely used, though this approach gives an investor a more timely comparison, biased analyst forecasts is always a serious drawback. Traditional method is to track the revision of analyst forecasts over time. In contrast, the New Zealand study tracks the gap between actual earnings and forecasted earnings presenting a new way to partially solve this problem. Studies across four countries all tried to explain the post earning drift with various risk factors. Original CAPM, Fama French three factor models and conditional versions of them are commonly used to address systematic risks impact on earnings. US study tested the significance of the overall economic influence using Chen Roll and Ross 1986 five factor model. Market macrostructure factors such as market value, firm size and book to market ratio are widely used and implied ways to track firms specific characteristics. As evident from the US and New Zealand papers, factors and models which are irrelevant to risk such as investors behaviour, momentum effect and transaction costs are continuously studied by researches. In Spain the investor conservatism bias model was applied along with the overreaction, the underreaction and the gradual-information diffusion model in order to explain post earnings drift from the behavioural finance perspective. Although researches conducted in these four countries have some similarities, different variables, procedures, and tests were applied to the area which is important from a researchers point of view. Due to differences in culture, institutional characteristic and market efficiency, its hard to standardize methodology and a claim cannot be made on which measurement is the most accurate.. 3 Test results for risk related models and factors Risk related models tried to regard post earnings drift as compensation for risk in the efficient market. The inadequacy of CAPM and other asset pricing models is widely tested worldwide. Differences in market depth, data limitation, errors of methodology and risk misspecification can result in inconsistent outcome across countries. Moreover, results can differ with the risk model prediction. Forner (2008) found a negative relationship between CAPM beta and PEAD profits in Spain while other countries showed a positive sign. In Forners study, arbitrage risk is positively related to the earning profits, which is contradicting to Mendenhalls (2004) conclusion based on US sample. Though results vary worldwide, most researchers conclude that risk is insignificant on return difference, and neither the systematic risk nor other risk factors are able to explain the PEAD phenomenon separately or jointly. PEAD effectively remains after the risk adjustment and in order to fully understand and explain the PEAD phenomenon, factors other than risks must be considered. 4 Behavioural Factors Based on US data Bernard and Thomas (1989) found that a large proportion of the drift was due to investors adopting a naive assumption that earnings follow seasonal random walk and failing to understand the correlation between current earnings and future quarterly earnings. The claim of naivety was refuted by Bartov et al (2000) who observed that the drift is smaller in firms that were largely held by institutional investors indicating more sophisticated investors than claimed by Bernard and Thomas. However, almost all investors are guided to some degree by psychological biases regardless of whether they are individual or institutional investors. Barberies et al (1998) posit that investors exhibit conservative behaviour and representative bias that leads to underreaction to earnings announcement. This suggests that investors seem to be conservative and do not act immediately to earnings news on the premise that the positive earnings growth is temporary and that it will eventuall y revert. For institutional investor, the delayed response probably can be explained by rule which put constrains on arbitrage and insider trading. Daniel et al (1998) departing from the underreaction based explanation hypothesizes that investors experience a combination of overconfidence and self attribution bias and tend to exhibit patterns of overreaction to privately sourced information which generate short-term momentum. On the other hand, underreaction to publicly obtained information will produce a long-term reversion in stock return. However, when this model was tested in Spain where the momentum effect is weak, there was no significant evidence showing the relationship between overconfidence and overreaction. This is because Spanish culture is regarded as less individualistic and people give more weight on public information thus exhibiting a low level of self attribution and overconfidence (Forner, 2009). Hong et al (1999) theory on the other hand presented a signifi cantly different theory based on interactions between heterogeneous agents namely the newswatchers and momentum traders and observed gradual diffusion of firm specific information which lead to initial underreaction and subsequent long term overreaction. Unlike in the US, the undereaction in Spain is not significant. This is due to the code law legal system and low level of investor protection, insiders have less limits to trade on the information they obtained and the price adjust quickly which weaken the momentum effect (Forner, 2009) 5 Conclusion Post earnings announcement drift phenomenon was observed across different markets since 1968 and although many academic studies were conducted and lots of trading strategies were applied, the anomaly persists. Different methodology is adapted across countries to measure the magnitude of post earning drift. Though more and more proxies are used, each measurement has its own shortcomings. Differences in market efficiency, market depth and transparency and accounting regimes may lead to biased measurement starting from the data collection stage. Risk factor models try to explain the post earnings announcement drift under efficient market hypothesis and the effectiveness of model is largely dependent on market specific features. Difference in media coverage could influence the information dispersion and delay investors response to share price. Return is also affected by country specific macroeconomic indicators, market size, regulation on insider trading and speculative activity. Even in US and UK where the markets are more efficient compared to other countries, the risk models failed to fully explain the drift. Behavioural approaches address the persistence of drift from a different perspective based on investors sentiments, heuristics bias and limits to arbitrage. Nevertheless, investors behaviour varies due to cultural differences and their sophistication level. Although most investors may suffer from overconfidence bias, investors in highly individualistic cultures may react to earning announcement differently than those from low individualistic culture. Limits to arbitrage put constrain on investors early exploration of earnings announcement and increase the difficulties in correcting the anomaly. Because of the differences in market and behavioural factors, no standardize approach can be used. Therefore, strategies aimed to exploit benefit from the post earnings announcement drift should take into account countries specific features. References Ball, R. and Brown, P. (1968) An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers, Journal of Accounting Research, 6, pp. 159-178 Barberis, N., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1998) A model of investor sentiment, Journal of Financial Economics, 49, pp. 307-343 Bartov, E., Radhakrishnan, S., Krinsky, I., 2000. Investor sophistication and patterns in stock returns after earnings announcements. The Accounting Review 75, 43-63. Bernard,V., K.Thomas., (1989), Post Earnings Announcement Drift: Delayed Price Response or Risk Premium? Journal of Accounting Research, Vol.27, pp.1-36 Cameron Truong, Post earnings announcement drift and the roles of drift-enhanced factors in New Zealand, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Volume 18, Issue 2, April 2010, Pages 139-157 Chan, L., Jegadeesh, N. and Lakonishok, J. (1996) Momentum strategies, Journal of Finance, 51(5), pp. 1681-1713. Daniel, K., Hirshleifer, D. and Subrahmanyam, A. (1998) Investor psychology and security market under- a nd overreactions, Journal of Finance, 53(6), pp. 1839-1885. Forner, C., Sanabria, S. and Marhuenda, J. (2009) Post-earnings announcement drift: Spanish evidence, Spanish Economic Review, 11(3), pp. 207-241. Forner, Carlos and Sanabria, Sonia ((November 1, 2009): Post-Earnings Announcement Drift in Spain and Behavioural Finance Models European Accounting Review Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1498029 Foster, George, Olsen, Chris, Shevlin, Terry, 1984. Earnings releases, anomalies, and the behaviour of security returns. The Accounting Review 59 (4), 574-603 Hong, H. and Stein, C. (1999) A unified theory of underreaction, momentum trading, and overreaction in asset markets, Journal of Finance, 54(6), pp. 2143-2184 Liu, Weimin, Strong, Norman, Xu, Xinzhong, 2003. Post-earnings-announcement drift in the UK. European Financial Management vol 9(1), 89-116. Richard R. Mendenhall, 2004. Arbitrage Risk and Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift, Journal o f Business, pp. 875-894 Foster et al (1984) also concurs with this reason Ball Brown(1968), Foster et et al(1984), Bernard Thomas(1989)

To Kill a Mockingbird Plot Overview - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3074 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Did you like this example? The novel To Kill a Mockingbird take places in the sleepy Alabama town of Maycomb where the Finches live. The narrator of the story is the youngest child of the two children of the Finches, a little girl named Jean Louise Scout Finch. The story is happening during the time of the Great Depression. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To Kill a Mockingbird: Plot Overview" essay for you Create order Scout lived with her father and her brother. Her father, Atticus Finch is a lawyer with high moral standards at the time. Her brother, Jeremy Atticus â€Å"Jem† Finch who is four years older than her is a curiously and athletic young boy. Her family is considered wealthy compared to others. One Summer, Scout and Jem met up with Dill, Charles Baker â€Å"Dill† Harris a boy come to the neighborhood on summer, and become friend with him. They play together and exchanged stories. Dill got hooked by the mysterious of the story about Boo Radley, Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley a mystery of the town. The next summer Dill came back, and three were trying to take a look at Boo this time but got stopped by Atticus. He told them to think from another person’s perspective before they do anything. But, on Dill’s last day of summer at Maycomb, the three of them sneaked into the Radleys property and got a warning shot by Nathan Radley, Boo’s brother. They immediately escape from there but Jem’s pants got stuck and left back at the Radleys fence. When he gets back to take it the pants was mended where its torn and neatly folded hanging over the fence. Scout goes to school for the first time that fall and she hates it. The following winter, Scout and Jem also experience another mystery consider to be Boo Radley. They consistently found a mysterious gift from a certain tree’s knothole near the Radley house. When they tried to communicate with the mystery giver by leaving a note at the tree, they find themselves looking at Boo’s brother plugged up th e knothole with cement the next day. On the coldest time of winter, Miss Maudie Atkinsons house catches on fire, Scout’s favorite neighbor. While she and Jem, shivering, watching Miss Maudie’s house burning to the ground near Boo Radley house, someone gave her a blanket over her shoulders. When she comes back home she then found out it was likely Boo Radley who gave her the blanket. Atticus take a case to his hands. He, as a lawyer of the town, has been appointed to be a defender for a black man named Thomas â€Å"Tom† Robinson who has been accused of raping a while young lady named Mayella Violet Ewell. She is from the Ewell family which is a low layer citizen, some even call them â€Å"trash†, of the town. Because of this, the Finches received harsh criticism from some heavily racist of Maycomb. Despite knowing this case is almost impossible to win, the white jury at the time will never believe a black man’s words over a white girl’s, Atticus took the case it. He knows Tom is innocent and against all the odds he still wants to prove it. When Atticus, Jem, and Scout came to the family Christmas gathering Scout beat up her cousin Francis when he called her father a â€Å"nigger-lover† and that he is ruining the family name. Calpurnia, the Finches black cook, took Scout and Jem to a local black church, there were some shocked bu t at the end, they warmly embraced the children. At Maycomb, Jem cut off the tops of an old neighbor ladys, Henry Lafayette Dubose, bushes. He got punished by Atticus for this and he has to read for her out loud six days a week, two hours per day, for a month. When Mrs. Dubose died Atticus revealing to Jem that he was helping her to break her morphine addiction. Atticus has shown him that what Mrs. Dubose is what real courage is, the will to fight a fight that you knew you can’t win, and not a man with a gun. The next summer, Atticus’s sister, Alexandra â€Å"Aunt Alexandra† Hancock, come to live with the Finches. She is a proper and old fashion lady, and she wants to shape Scout into a Southern feminine ideal woman like her. At this time Dill ran away from his family to Maycomb, because of his mother and new father don’t seem interested in him. He stayed at the Finches house when Tom’s trial getting close. The night when Tom moved into the county jail to receive the trial. Atticus guarded outside the jail to prevent the possibility of lynching. Jem and Scout caught up to a hunch and sneak out of the house, Dill followed them, to check on their father. While they were looking at Atticus, a mob gathers in front of the jail door and told Atticus to let them lynch Tom and also threaten Atticus. Jem senses som ething and ran to Atticus along with the others. Jem recognized one of the men from the mob and asked politely about his son, and thanks him. This made the man answer to her and bring the crowd out of their mob mentality, and dispersing the mob. The trial has come, Atticus told the children to stay home but sneak out to the court and got a sit in the â€Å"colored balcony† along the black community. The court started with the Ewell family telling the story as Tom got called by Miss Mayella to do some work, but instead of doing the work Tom jumped on her forcefully beat her up and rape her. Then ran when her father, Robert E. Lee â€Å"Bob† Ewell, appeared. Tom told a different version of the story as Miss Mayella tried to kiss her by hugging him from behind and this made him scared and ran away while her father burning in rage when he saw it. The Ewells testified that Tom beat Mayella by his left arm but in reality, Tom left has been dysfunctional from a long time ago due to an accident. Tom’s innocent was clearly shown by this. Atticus call out for everyone in the court as they should not be blind by racism and they should do what is right. But still, all of the white-jury pronounced Tom is guilty. While Atticus told Tom that there is still a high chance the higher up of the country will believe his innocent and let him free, but Tom couldn’t wait and tried to escape out of jail. Tom was shot to death. This incident made Jem doubt about heavily justice around him. After the court, Bob Ewell loses his job. This brings Bob to tried to get back on everyone connected to the court. He threatening Atticus that he will not let him be for humiliated him in the court and vows revenge. He also tried to break into the Judge’s, Mr. John Taylor, house. He even attempted to do something to Tom’s wife but couldn’t because of Tom’s former employer, Mr. Link Deas, said that he will put him in jail if he tries to walk near her or his property. On Halloween, Scout and Jem go to a Halloween party but on their way home, they heart someone follows them. It was Bob Ewell, he tried to take revenge on the Finches children. He knocked Jem unconscious and tried to stab Scout with a knife but got stop by Boo Radley. While struggle with Boo and receive a fatally wound. Scout and Jem went back to their him with Boo carrying Jem. Atticus took care of Jem and called the doctor and rep ort this to the police. Mr. Tate comes back after investigating the scene and said that Bob is dead. This made Atticus consider for a court for his son and Boo’s legal defense but Mr. Tate stops him. They arguing and Mr. Tate says he might be not much but tonight Bob Ewell fell on his knife, then went away with his car. Atticus sat down and ask Scout does she understand what just happened. She said that she understands that Mr. Tate was right. Atticus surprise and asked her what did she mean. She says that it’d be like shooting a Mockingbird. Atticus regain his smile and thank Scout. Scout then walks Boo home while imagining how Boo views this town, she and her brother. Boo went inside his house and never appear in front of Scout again. But to Scout, he is now a human being, a kind one, and not a scary mystery of Maycomb. She then went back home and let Atticus read for her till she sleeps. 2. Focused Character 2.1. Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch is the narrator of the story. She is an American wh ite girl. The story begins with Scout being six years old. She lives with her father, her brother, and their black cook in Maycomb. She is intelligent and be able to make logical conclusions inside her head were clearly the influent of her father, Atticus. We could considerate that Scout is more intelligent compared to the kids her age and is a tomboy girl by the standard of Maycomb. Even so, Scout is naive and extraordinary curious about her surround because of her inexperience. This cause Scout often fights with her brother Jem. Scout character changed over time by the teaches of her father and interact with her surround. She believes in justice but it got shattered when her father loses the court of Thomas â€Å"Tom† Robinson. This changed her point of view and made she rethinks every action she took. In the beginning, Scout is an iconic tomboy where she solves everything with her fist. The part where she jumps on Walter Cunningham when the teacher mad at her, made the reader feel how Scout is just like every child blame on others, not themselves. Her rough image as a ‘let the fist do the talking’ is strongly appear here when she doesn’t scream or crying but just go straight to pick her fist as a solution resolver. This habit became rather sad when she hit Dill just because he didn’t pay attention to her. It is as if she still doesn’t know how to express her feeling in another way. But it is also made her strong a nd bravery, like how she decided jumps into the lynch mob to save her father. Even so, these behaviors made her father, Mr. Atticus, worries from the beginning of the story. Atticus needs to step in and talk to her when she started another fight with the subject about him. When he asked her to not fight and endurance it. Scout’s respect for her father is so strong that it could make her conceals her own personality when she dropped her fist and walk away from a fight. She even feels noble just because she did what he ask him for three weeks, without the need of praise from Atticus. After experience three weeks of no violent Scout grown up as a bit. She learned that not everything needs to solve by her fist, but she showed us that she still not entirely throw the ideals all away when she said she would fight anyone who dares to pick a fight with her. As a tomboy as Scout is she still has a hard time when its come to get except by social. When Aunt Alexandra comes live with the Finches she forced Scout to change into an elegant lady. Her Aunt changed Scout clothes from pants to skirt made it hard to run, climb the tree or fight like the way she was before. Scout was angry and rebel against her aunt but after the courthouse of Tom, she starting t o see the role of an elegant woman in a new light. By looking at her role model Aunt Alexandra and Miss Maudie shocked at the dead of Tom but still could get over it and calmly having a tea party, not bursting into tears. Scout now look at the role of a lady is to have courage than just wearing girly dresses or cooking in the kitchen. The willpower that just likes of her father’s, the person she respects the most. This erases the hate of Scout for her gender. Scout’s personality developed the most when it comes to the story with Boo Radley. At first, she is curious about his existent and fear of the unknown at the same time. As the story moves on Scout started to interact with Boo more, like when they receive gifts from him in the knothole of the Radley tree or when Boo gave her a wear in the cold winter, and this changed her feeling about the person named Boo Radley. Its changed from blindly scare of the unknown to think about the unknown. Scout started to wonder what is the characteristic of Boo and what is he think stayed inside the house for years. After the courthouse of Tom, Scout has known what seen real evil, made she think on her own about the monster everyone called Boo, among human. She then under that Boo is no monster, not like the monster she saw, but just a poor man. When Boo Radley saved her brother from Mr. Bob Ewell, she realizes that the person everyone called a monster and fear was just a kind man. She at the be ginning was just like others who believe in gossip and rumor changed her ideas and understand about the world. The four years of Scout wrote in the book, show us the rapid change of a child in their growing process. Scout was just a tomboy girl, kicking and punching, made her fist do the talking at the start. Then changed to a girl who thinks that not everything needs to solve by her fist. Scout’s hates for her gender as a weakling lady changed to the image of respectable strong and determined, the strength of willpower and composure like Atticus. She realizes what is think is rightful and justice are not always true, the world is not just black and white of kind neighbor and evil Boo, but it is complicated. She needs to see it with her eyes and think to truly understand it. The character Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch has been described as if she is the evolution that human needed at the time. The equal in races and the logical head to think before judge others. We could understand that Scout made the right conclusion for everything she experience and induce. Also, we could see that Harper Lee intentions are everywhere in Scout eyes. 2.2.Jeremy Atticus â€Å"Jem† Finch Jeremy Atticus â€Å"Jem† Finch is ten years old when the story started, 4 years apart fro m his sister. He is a typical American boy who interests in football and guns. As a child of Atticus, he is composure and smart. But still, as a child, he is naive and inexperienced about the world. He also shows his emotional side when he misses his mom or shock about the court of Tom. Jem’s character changes through the eyes of the narrator, his sister, Scout. As a big brother, he is calmer than Scout, he stops Scout fights. He usually plays with Scout but when the story moves on he stops playing with her. Still, as her brother, he looks after her but in a bossy way. His ideas about justice, evil and goodness, shattered due to the trial of Tom. This makes he became extremely emotional when Scout mention the subject. At the same time, it made him understand the true meaning of the society, the mass decide the truth. At the begging of the story, Jem is described as a brave kid. He a typical American boy who never back down on a daring challenge. He prefers physical bravery and holds no pride for his father who never plays sports or possesses a gun in front of him. He believes that to earn respect one must always show other his strong side. This idea changed when he saw At ticus take out the mad dog with a gun, then learned that his father was Maycomb best shooter. He now learned that humble is more important than pride. Then, he comes to interact with Mrs. Dubose for a month. When he learned she was fighting her own battle against drugs, his ideas about true bravery changed again. He learned that besides bravery, physical, there is also courage, mental. Atticus teaches him to not holds the idea of a man holding a gun is brave but a woman who took a fight that she can’t win is one. Jem still believes that this world is only about right or wrong, and the right always win. The night when Atticus watched Tom jail. He saw his father bravely stand alone against the racists, the lynch mob. He also saw his sister was the first one who ran to protect their father. The idea about the good will win enforced when he saw his sister dis group the mob. When the court of Tom ends, his ideas about the world changed. He has seen real evil in plain sight and saw the justice lose. He learned that what the mass believe will become the true, and one individual can’t easily win against it. This became a bit of a trauma for him, but at the same time strengthened his understanding of society. Through the eyes of Scout, we see Jem mature through time but got shaped by his father. As the story progress, we can see that Scout does not think much about his brother but we can still conclude that Jem learned that bravery is not just about physical but also about the courage to took a fight that one can’t win. He learns physical â€Å"bravery† need the mental â€Å"courage† too. Finally, he learned that the world is not about just black and white. That to be like his father, he needs to have the courage to fight against all odds. He graduates from a naive young boy to a mature man who understands the complicated problem of the world.

Film and Book The Striped Pajamas by John Boyne Essay

Sins of the Father The movie ‘Boy in the Striped Pajamas’, based on the book by John Boyne, isn’t exactly a feel-good film, but it is an awesome representation of the existence of good and evil, and the responsibility we have as human beings to distinguish between the two; for it is responsibility that distinguishes us from every other being. In my opinion, this is an important, life-changing film, with a significant message, and should be seen by all. The movie is told from the point of view of eight year old Bruno whose innate sense of morality and justice ultimately makes him the fallen hero of the story. The premise of the movie focuses on a friendship that develops between Bruno and Shmuel, also eight, and a victim of the†¦show more content†¦Standing up on the swing to get a better view, he falls off of the swing and scrapes his knee. Pavel, runs to help Bruno, takes him inside and bandages his knee. Pavel, assuring Bruno that he will be just fine , sits down and begins to peel potatoes. Bruno then replies How should you know, you’re not a doctor, you’re a farmer. Pavel responds, â€Å"I was a doctor before coming here†. Bruno is confused why the man would give up being a doctor to work on the farm and peel potatoes. Later that week, Bruno sneaks out and finds a door leading to a shed; he opens the window inside and gains the freedom he has been longing for. Bruno begins his exploration of the woods outside the compound. He runs quite a ways until he stumbles upon a large barbed-wire fence surrounding the farm. This is where he and Shmuel, the boy in the stripped pajamas, meet for the first time. Although separated by a fence, the boys talk and joke and get to know each other. A whistle blows and Shmuel must go, but the new friends say they hope to meet again soon. As weeks go by, Bruno continues to sneak away from the compound and the two new friends meet time and again. 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Entrepreneurship Roles of Great Entrepreneurs

Question: Discuss the role an entrepreneur plays within an existing company and his/her own venture. Explain and evaluate a range of characteristics and skills which are necessary to become a successful entrepreneur. You should support your arguments with evidence from reading. Likewise you should illustrate your points with examples of well-known successful entrepreneurs. Explain how the necessary characteristics and skills helps the entrepreneur fulfil his/her role. Answer: Introduction- Entrepreneurship is basically planned for high school students and juniors, together with non-business student, who want to study about entrepreneurship, its function and value in our civilization, and how to get latest thoughts to marketplace both in the set up and business situation. This is an initial way proposed to offer students with a solid basis on how entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship play a key function in the 21st century overall economy.(Business, news and politics ,2012) In the lessons, we will judge, survey, and analysis the globe of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is approached as a manner of view and performing, as thoughts and a manner. The attitude focus will be on the design of new offers, the ways that they appear into being, and factors related with their achievement.(Berry.T n.d.) The roles of the entrepreneur- The role of an entrepreneur is to handle risk factors for establishing a service or goods in the market place. Moreover, an entrepreneur takes every possible opportunity from the market for gaining competitive advantages.(B ,2005) Entrepreneur as risk- taker- Entrepreneur is a person who has the ability to take high risk for financial gain. In addition, an entrepreneur has the ability to predict the efficiency of the implemented strategy for understanding that whether the risk factor will be under control or not. Entrepreneur as business manager- Entrepreneur as a business manager create a border line between the management and the entrepreneurship. Entrepreneur with the productive services, inserting their own persons and property / assets at the clearance of the entrepreneur who can guarantee at a fixed compensation. The final profit amount is based on a scope of error in calculation by the entrepreneurs and non- entrepreneurs who do not compel the entrepreneurs to pay as much amount for the productive services they could be compelled to pay. (J ,2012) Entrepreneur as an exceptional leader- As an exceptional leader, he has to take care for the return on risk taking, capital use and production effort and ability or asset specificity. A successful leader should select supporters cleverly and apart from that, he should control the followers in an effective manner. In order to gain effective and exceptional outcome, a leader should seek innovative ideas from the followers. However, the leader should take the final decision for avoiding unnecessary crisis. (A ,2010) Entrepreneur as a viewer/ restorer- Entrepreneur basic role is to achieve the kind of adjustment or changes necessary to move the economic market towards the stability condition. With the change of static condition like population growth there is a need of improved production technology and the mobility of the capital and labor is also necessary to restore the stability. Entrepreneur as an innovator- For the long term success and stability in the market an entrepreneur should be innovative. In order to be significant, competitive and more successful you need to reinvent and challenging yourself by finding out the ways and searching for the new options that can retain your customer back.(D ,2010) Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur- Characteristics and skills are an important part or a self made quality an entrepreneur should have. These are the pillars for a successful building or in other words these are the main elements of success. These involve determination, hard work, efficiency, management of the entrepreneurs as well as their confidence. It also includes their risk taking factor for increasing business modules and selling and promotion part of the products and the services. They should be fully passionate towards their goals and should be upto the mark for their choice of decisions. In other words, they are the persons who can make or demolish any organization. Following are some of the characteristics and skills of a successful entrepreneur. Characteristics- There are certain characteristics, which are really important for the getting successful outcome. The most important characteristic of a successful leader is passion. If a person is really committed to his work and knows very well and deeply about it this is called passion. Achieving their goals is the main priority as compared to earning any amount. And another key of successful entrepreneur is self confidence. If you have a confidence in your ability to succeed than only you can overcome any problem. (J ,2007)You should always take a positive approach about all the things you have done or you have to do. Another qualities of a successful entrepreneur self reliant as they dont have to wait for others to tell or order them what they have to do. They are the self starter and very much confident about making the decision. Entrepreneurs have other qualities as well like the ability to complete tasks, the willingness for taking risk. Generally, an individual try to avoid risk factors but on the other hand, self-confidence of an entrepreneur assists them to take the challenge. Apart from that, an entrepreneur understands that risk is a natural part of achieving goals. Another quality of entrepreneurs is creative. An entrepreneur tries to seek for innovative ideas for doing things. Finally, the entrepreneurs are courageous for learning new things. Entrepreneurs build a learning environment for learning new things from other people. These are some of the characteristics a successful entrepreneur should have for a successful career. Plan everything is an important characteristics as in business planning it is required to evaluate the business situation, research, compilation of data and conclusion based on the facts. Planning also includes the success of each small and individual plan to make it a big success as a whole.(T ,2015) Creating a competitive advantage is vary healthy nutrients for any of the business as it is the unique selling point by providing more advantages. It includes services, warranty, flexible payment options, lowest price, better consumer services and exchange benefits. Follow up constantly is an important aspect as it enables you to turn viewers into the consumers and also increases the value of sale and purchase from the existence consumers. Constant follow up helps to retain the consumers and keeping them joint with your business and providing them the products and services for a longer duration of time which further helps to make a strong business relationships. Skills- Entrepreneur should have some skills which help them to have a great success like- Ability to plan is the main skill for an entrepreneur as they must be able to develop a plan for achieving their goals including all the departments like finance, marketing production and hiring the productive and satisfied employers.(J ,2012) Communication skills are important as an entrepreneurship, he should be able to explain, discuss and sell their goods and services only through a good communication. And entrepreneur should be able to effectively interact with his business team. They should express themselves very clearly and they have strong interpretation, knowledge skills to understand forms of written business communication. Marketing skills is also important as an entrepreneurship. A company achievement or stoppage is all-dependent on whether the company reaches the market, advantage the marketplace and effect in those in the marketplace choosing to purchase. Most of the failure entrepreneur has started with new services or goods and apart from that, the marketing strategy for the new offerings were not effective to attract consumers. In order to get successful outcome from the implemented strategies, an entrepreneur should implement effective marketing strategies. Entrepreneur should have some good inter personal skills, to maintain the healthy relations especially with the people they interact like customers, clients, employees, investors, lawyers and accountants as well. Healthy relationship is the main bridge which covers the gap of success. (J n.d.) An entrepreneur should have the complete basic knowledge of the resources and to use them effectively. An entrepreneur must be able to manage every section of the business and they must make sure that all the positions including managers in their business are occupied by the efficient people. Team building skills is a important skill of entrepreneur. In team building entrepreneur is the leader, as he has to build the team with efficient team member for achieving organizational goals and objectives. In order to achieve the objectives successfully, it is highly important to implement effective leadership approach. It helps the leader to manage the workforce in an effective manner. A leadership skill is very important for an entrepreneur to be successful. A leader should create and promote a strong vision of the company among the employees. In order to motivate the company employees, the leader should reciprocate with the workforce regarding their issues. Focus for the target is very much important to ensure the business success. Strength and weaknesses of an argument using examples- Following are some of the strength and weaknesses of an argument using examples- Pay attention to your customers first- It is an example of Jon Beekman a graduate from Stanford graduate school of business is the CEO and founder of Man Crates. It is about paying attention towards your customers and a concept of what the customer needs. In order to understand changing needs and requirements of the consumers, it would be better to establish a direct communication with the consumers. Customers are the main priority in making a company successful and respectful. Tomorrow is always another day- It is an example of Scott Gerber TV commentator, a serial entrepreneur and founder of young entrepreneur council (YEC). This concept emphasizes that failure influences people to do better for achieving the same objective. Now I always reduce the possible chance of stoppages by reducing the problem. Therefore, we obtain backup faster and stronger when we do face a set beck.(W ,2014) Stability of your carrier is under your control- It is an example of Kristi Hines, who is a ghostwriter, freelance writer and a professional blogger. I am the kind of person, who has applied for a job for which I was not interested. However, I have applied that job for getting a security of job. I felt it was just because I was no truly passionate about my carrier. I have learned that you should have a passion that has the power to work more. Other examples of Entrepreneurs- Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft. Steve Jobs, co-founder of apple. Mark Zuckeberg, the founder of Facebook. Pierre Omidar, founder of Ebay.(J ,2015) Linkage between the role an entrepreneur plays and necessary skills and characteristics- It is an important link among the role of an entrepreneur plays and the essential entrepreneurial characteristics or skills. It was resolute that entrepreneurs normally have high entrepreneurial characteristics and by provided that an exact management to make it the best makes use of these characters for the industrialization and the growth process can be fast and strong. Entrepreneurs natures are tested in conditions of both opening a business and their result on the kind of rights. Characteristics of entrepreneurship have been resolved as being modern, threat taker and artistic, having idea and ability of flexible functioning and being focused on top level of working. Entrepreneurs have to apply all these qualities to make development of the business on the right track and to make it more successful.(M ,2012 Conclusion- Initial stage of a business is very difficult, time consuming and life changing. There are many more things that go into in sequence than directly provided the goods or service that your business offers, you will also be liable for your business assets, caring your business and individual resources, maintaining your business official, paying taxes, maintenance report, supervision staff and more. Characteristics of entrepreneurship have been resolved as being modern, possibility user and artistic. (Davidsson ,2008) Bibliography A, T 2010, 'Role of the enterpreneur', The Three Roles of Great Entrepreneurs. B, T 2005, ' The roles of the entrepreneur',The Role of the Entrepreneur. Berry.T, 'Introduction',Introduction to enterpreneurship. Business, news and politics 2012, 'Introduction', Introduction to entrepreneurship. D, S 2010, 'Role of the enterpreneur',The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic, vol 6, no. 1, pp. 1-19. Davidsson 2008, 'Conclusion',Some conclusions about entrepreneurship and its support. J, S 2007, 'Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur',25 Common Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs. J, W 2012, 'Role of the enterpreneur',5 important roles for an entrepreneur. J, S 2012, 'Characteristics and skills of entrepreneur',5 Essential Skills of an Entrepreneur. J, G 2015, ' Strength and weaknesses of an argument using examples', 6 Traits Every Successful Entrepreneur Must Have. B, 'Characteristics and skill of entrepreneur', 8 traits of successful entrepreneurs--Do you have what it takes?. M, C 2012, 'Linkage between the role an entrepreneur plays and necessary skills and characteristics', Entrepreneurship Skills for Growth-Orientated Businesses, pp. 1-23. T, S 2015, 'Characteristics and skills of entrepreneur',10 Traits All Successful Entrepreneurs. W, L 2014, ' Strength and weaknesses of an argument using examples', 10 strengths of outstanding entrepreneurs.

Introductions and Conclusions free essay sample

Introductions and conclusions play a special role in the academic essay, and they frequently demand much of your attention as a writer. A good introduction should identify your topic, provide essential context, and indicate your particular focus in the essay. It also needs to engage your readers interest. A strong conclusion will provide a sense of closure to the essay while again placing your concepts in a somewhat wider context. It will also, in some instances, add a stimulus to further thought. Since no two essays are the same, no single formula will automatically generate an introduction and conclusion for you. But the following guidelines will help you to construct a suitable beginning and end for your essay. Some general advice about introductions 1. Some students cannot begin writing the body of the essay until they feel they have the perfect introduction. Be aware of the dangers of sinking too much time into the introduction. We will write a custom essay sample on Introductions and Conclusions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of that time can be more usefully channeled into planning and writing. 2. You may be the kind of writer who writes an introduction first in order to explore your own thinking on the topic. If so, remember that you may at a later stage need to compress your introduction. 3. It can be fine to leave the writing of the introduction for a later stage in the essay-writing process. Some people write their introduction only after they have completed the rest of the essay. Others write the introduction first but rewrite it significantly in light of what they end up saying in the body of their paper. 4. The introductions for most papers can be effectively written in one paragraph occupying half to three-quarters of the first page. Your introduction may be longer than that, and it may take more than one paragraph, but be sure you know why. The size of your introduction should bear some relationship to the length and complexity of your paper. A twenty page paper may call for a two-page introduction, but a five-page paper will not. 5. Get to the point as soon as possible. Generally, you want to raise your topic in your very first sentences. A common error is to begin too broadly or too far off topic. Avoid sweeping generalizations. 6. If your essay has a thesis, your thesis statement will typically appear at the end of your introduction, even hough that is not a hard-and-fast rule. You may, for example, follow your thesis with a brief road map to your essay that sketches the basic structure of your argument. The longer the paper, the more useful a road map becomes. How do I write an interesting, effective introduction? Consider these strategies for capturing your readers attention and for fleshing out your introduction: 1. Find a startling statistic that illustrates the seriousness of the problem you will address. 2. Quote an expert (but be sure to introduce him or her first). Mention a common misperception that your thesis will argue  against. . Give some background information necessary for understanding the essay. 5. Use a brief narrative or anecdote that exemplifies your reason for choosing the topic. In an assignment that encourages personal reflection, you may draw on your own experiences; in a research essay, the narrative may illustrate a common real-world scenario. 6. In a science paper, explain key scientific concepts and refer to relevant literature. Lead up to your own contribution or intervention. 7. In a more technical paper, define a term that is possibly unfamiliar to your audience but is central to understanding the essay. In fleshing out your introduction, you will want to avoid some common pitfalls: 1. Dont provide dictionary definitions, especially of words your audience already knows. 2. Dont repeat the assignment specifications using the professors wording. 3. Dont give details and in-depth explanations that really belong in your body paragraphs. You can usually postpone background material to the body of the essay. Some general advice about conclusions 1. A conclusion is not merely a summary of your points or a re-statement of your thesis. If you wish to summarize—and often you must—do so in fresh language. Remind the reader of how the evidence youve presented has contributed to your thesis. 2. The conclusion, like much of the rest of the paper, involves critical thinking. Reflect upon the significance of what youve written. Try to convey some closing thoughts about the larger implications of your argument. 3. Broaden your focus a bit at the end of the essay. A good last sentence leaves your reader with something to think about, a concept in some way illuminated by what youve written in the paper. 4. For most essays, one well-developed paragraph is sufficient for a conclusion. In some cases, a two-or-three paragraph conclusion may be appropriate. As with introductions, the length of the conclusion should reflect the length of the essay. How do I write an interesting, effective conclusion? The following strategies may help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your essay: 1. If your essay deals with a contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the problem. 2. Recommend a specific course of action. 3. Use an apt quotation or expert opinion to lend authority to the conclusion you have reached. Give a startling statistic, fact, or visual image to drive home the ultimate point of your paper. 5. If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point with a relevant narrative drawn from your own life experiences. 6. Return to an anecdote, example, or quotation that you introduced in your introduction, but add further insight that derives from the body of your essay. 7. In a science or social science paper, mention worthwhile avenues for future research on your topic.

Quotations on Style in Writing

Quotations on Style in Writing A pointed instrument used for writing. According to our glossary entry for  style, thats what the word meant in Latin 2,000 years ago. Nowadays, definitions of style point not to the instrument used by the writer but to characteristics of the writing itself: The way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed: a style of speech and writing. Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament discourse; broadly, as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. All figures of speech fall within the domain of style. But what does it mean to write with style? Is style a feature that writers can add or remove as they please? Is it, perhaps, a gift that only some writers are blessed with? Can a style ever be good or bad, correct or incorrector is it more a matter of taste? Put another way, is style merely a kind of decorative sprinkle, or is it instead an essential ingredient of writing? Here, under six broad headings, are some of the diverse ways in which professional writers have responded to these questions. We open with remarks from Henry David Thoreau, an artful stylist who expressed indifference toward style and conclude with two quotations from novelist Vladimir Nabokov, who insisted that style is all that matters. Style is Practical Who cares what a man’s style is, so it is intelligible, as intelligible as his thought. Literally and really, the style is no more than the stylus, the pen he writes with, and it is not worth scraping and polishing, and gilding, unless it will write his thoughts the better for it. It is something for use, and not to look at.(Henry David Thoreau)People think that I can teach them style. What stuff it all is! Have something to say, and say it as clearly as you can. That is the only secret of style.(Matthew Arnold) Style Is the Dress of Thoughts Style is the dress of thoughts; and let them be ever so just, if your style is homely, coarse, and vulgar, they will appear to as much disadvantage.(Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield)A mans style should be like his dress. It should be as unobtrusive and should attract as little attention as possible.(C. E. M. Joad) Style Is Who and What We Are The style is the man himself.(George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon)The old saying of Buffon’s that style is the man himself is as near the truth as we can getbut then most men mistake grammar for style, as they mistake correct spelling for words or schooling for education.(Samuel Butler)When we see a natural style, we are astonished and delighted; for we expected to see an author, and we find a man.(Blaise Pascal)Style is the hallmark of a temperament stamped upon the material at hand.(Andre Maurois)The essence of a sound style is that it cannot be reduced to rulesthat it is a living and breathing thing with something of the devilish in itthat it fits its proprietor tightly yet ever so loosely, as his skin fits him. It is, in fact, quite as seriously an integral part of him as that skin is. . . . In brief, a style is always the outward and visible symbol of a man, and cannot be anything else.(H.L. Mencken)You do not create a style. You work, and develop yourself; your style is an em anation from your own being.(Katherine Anne Porter) Style Is Point of View Style is the perfection of a point of view.(Richard Eberhart)Where there is no style, there is in effect no point of view. There is, essentially, no anger, no conviction, no self. Style is opinion, hung washing, the caliber of a bullet, teething beads.(Alexander Theroux)Style is that which indicates how the writer takes himself and what he is saying. It is the mind skating circles around itself as it moves forward.(Robert Frost) Style Is Craftsmanship Whats important is the way we say it. Art is all about craftsmanship. Others can interpret craftsmanship as style if they wish. Style is what unites memory or recollection, ideology, sentiment, nostalgia, presentiment, to the way we express all that. Its not what we say but how we say it that matters.(Federico Fellini)Proper words in proper places, make the true definition of style.(Jonathan Swift)The web, then, or the pattern, a web at once sensuous and logical, an elegant and pregnant texture: that is style.(Robert Louis Stevenson)The most durable thing in writing is style, and style is the most valuable investment a writer can make with his time. It pays off slowly, your agent will sneer at it, your publisher will misunderstand it, and it will take people you have never heard of to convince them by slow degrees that the writer who puts his individual mark on the way he writes will always pay off.(Raymond Chandler)The style of an author should be the image of his mind, but the choi ce and command of language is the fruit of exercise.(Edward Gibbon) One arrives at style only with atrocious effort, with fanatical and devoted stubbornness.(Gustave Flaubert) Style Is Substance To me, style is just the outside of content, and content the inside of style, like the outside and the inside of the human body. Both go together, they cant be separated.(Jean-Luc Godard)Thought and speech are inseparable from each other. Matter and expression are parts of one; style is a thinking out into language.(Cardinal John Henry Newman)Every style is excellent if it is proper; and that style is most proper which can best convey the intentions of the author to his reader. And, after all, it is Style alone by which posterity will judge of a great work, for an author can have nothing truly his own but his style; facts, scientific discoveries, and every kind of information, may be seized by all, but an authors diction cannot be taken from him.(Isaac DIsraeli)Style, in its finest sense, is the last acquirement of the educated mind; it is also the most useful. It pervades the whole being.(Alfred North Whitehead)Style is not something applied. It is something that permeates. It is of the nature of that in which it is found, whether the poem, the manner of a god, the bearing of a man. It is not a dress.(Wallace Stevens) Style and structure are the essence of a book; great ideas are hogwash. . . .All my stories are webs of style and none seems at first blush to contain much kinetic matter. . . . For me style is matter.(Vladimir Nabokov)

Pfizer- Puffery or Deception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pfizer- Puffery or Deception - Essay Example ’ is pertaining to this aspect of advertising. Even if one assumes that the information given by Pfizer in the ads is truthful, it in no way justifies using Dr. Jarvik as an ambassador for Lipitor. Pharmaceuticals are products that have a scientific basis. Hence, the purpose of any advertisement pertaining to a drug should focus on educating the physicians and increasing their awareness regarding that drug. Its objective should be to convince the targeted physicians about the effectiveness of that drug by extending scientific facts and data. In that context, the association of Dr. Jarvik with the ads points towards an attempt by Pfizer to influence the medical practitioners by impressing them with the appeal and stature of Dr. Jarvik. Going by the fact that drugs are products that could have severe impact on the users, usage of emotional appeal in a drug advertisement conveys an unethical and irresponsible attitude on the part of its manufacturers. Drugs are not like cereals o r washing machines that could or should rely on celebrity endorsements to increase sales. They are products that could make or mar the life of a patient. So, the USP of any drug should be reliable and scientific data and not emotional propaganda. For one, Pfizer tried to push the sales of its product by using emotional appeal.

The impact of women in law enforcement Research Paper

The impact of women in law enforcement - Research Paper Example Notwithstanding this occurrence, women are still struggling for acceptance, inside and outside the department. Though there is a clear-cut gap between the number of women currently in law enforcement, and the number that should be working. Women continue to face an ongoing battle, not only to become police officers, but also to gain the acceptance once employed. There is no questioning that, the disparity between the number of men and women, working in police departments have had a negative impact on the police subculture, operations, and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies throughout the nation (Scarborough & Collins 2002). So what are we waiting for? It is time to give this question a serious consideration. Maybe the question is totally answerable (in the mind of some), but certainly, it is worth serious discussion, and hopefully action on the needs of communities. Different communities face difficulty recruiting candidates for police positions. One has to wonder why they are ignoring the pool of women who are available and interested in entering the law enforcement. In fact, some police agencies are giving police candidates at least $11,000 to sign up. In addition, candidates are paid while attending a police academy. Currently, female officers are still relatively unknown to lay person, especially in smaller communities and non-metropolitan counties. Most people have not been stopped, questioned or even assisted by a female police officer. But that is changing, and an increasing number of citizens will realize certain fraternal, religious, or ethnic backgrounds proved important for entry and advancement in the police service. This was true for the Irish, Italians, Jews, Mormons, and Masons. Recently, with the advent of affirmative action, blacks, Latinos and Orientals have entered the police service in increasing numbers, and have assumed leadership positions in many departments. Police ranks (through the 1960s) were dominated by the male recruits. Ro okies learned from veteran officers that the way to get along in a police organization was to never rock the boat. Each new officer was expected to internalize norms and the value system of the department, and to accept the operating principle of maintaining the status quo. As new police officers, they were taught that criminals, civil right activists, and feminist were the enemies. It was a question of the police versus the criminal element. Shocked by the changes occurring at such a rapid pace, the police during the 1960s rejected charges of racism and sexism and viewed themselves as minorities and the last vestige of society’s protectors. The real thin blue line was striving to contain the rabble that was trying to destroy the American way of life. All of this resulted in a continuing pattern of sexism, whereby women were discriminated on the basis that change was not needed, and that police work could only be performed by men. Unfortunately, vestiges of these remain as no ted by a number of women filing suit against police departments for sexual discrimination. There is a need for women to be represented in law enforcement, and once admitted to the ranks, they should have every opportunity

The Difference between the Ghost Stories of Dickens and Gaskell Essay Example for Free

The Difference between the Ghost Stories of Dickens and Gaskell Essay The belief of the supernatural or those things beyond the capacity of human explanation is not widely accepted ideology nowadays; however, the supernatural belief had really existed in the past and is evident in the numerous literary works of celebrated authors. There is also certain logic in that the supernatural belief is very strong during the past times and had continually wane to a cynical, disbelieving attitude that the people now adopt towards the supernatural. That is, there are times when these beliefs are explicit and the so-called beliefs are rather â€Å"bizarre† or â€Å"extreme† and in this manner, I would seek to explain the supernatural attitude of a specific era, in this case, the Victorian Era, and try to explain their beliefs on the context of the literary works of Charles Dickens (To Be Taken With A Grain of Salt) and Elizabeth Gaskell (The Old Nurse Story). This does not end here though, as I aim to differentiate the â€Å"sexist† literary treatment of the two celebrated authors and of course, tore apart the literary works by its parts. Most noticeable between the two is the first-person-point of-view adopted by Dickens and Gaskell. Almost all horror stories are fabricated in this manner and probably the reason is that the author wants an active participation of the reader by delving into the intimate thoughts of the central character; in the Dicken’s ghost story, central figure was a male juror in a murder crime, while in Gaskell’s story, central figure, was female nurse-maid. Notice that both authors are very sexist in picking out their central characters and even their subordinate and their supporting characters as well. Females naturally dominate Gaskel’s story while Dicken’s story redounds with males. Dickens’ may have liked to paint the males in his story as good persons whilst Gaskell presents suspicious characters in every other characters except the maid, Rosamund and the helpers. The sisters Maude and Grace Furnivall was illustrated as bad, not to be trusted types. Even Maude’s child was evil in the manner that she tried to lure Rosamund to the deadly Fell. Old Lord Furnivall was atrocious and unforgiving while the young Lord Furnivall was uncaring. Naturally the nature of the characters contributed to the degree of horror or ghostly appeal of the story. The trend is that the more evil the characters, the scarier the story appears to the reader. Like in almost every Victorian story, position and power and the disparity between the classes are illustrated (although not explicitly pronounced) here. The juror have servants (Dicken’s) and the Furnivalls are beyond the reach of the normal house staff (e. g. they dine separately). In Dicken’s story, the servants were simply a fleeting thing/character but in Gaskell’s, much participation of the help was observed. Remember that Gaskell’s story was related by a nurse-maid. Charles Dickens’ choose to ignore their presence (except once) in the story. The tone of both ghost stories, being that of supernatural, is eerie and hair-raising although much can be said about the differential treatment of the male and female species regarding the supernatural. Gaskell’s maid from the start, acknowledges and is wary of the Supernatural (being afraid to go to the East Wing), and adopts a rather frightened prissy, girly fear towards the Girl-Ghost (who aims to take away Rosamund) and Lord Furnivall (who haunts the piano and is considerably a bad and frightening figure not to be reckoned of). On the other hand, Charles Dickens’ juror, adopted first a disbelieving attitude towards the Murder-Victim-Ghost until he saw one but he did not show any fright towards the ghostly character. In fact, it was almost as if Dickens wants to convince us that even on the face of Supernatural, males are indomitable and will still display signs of bravado. Dickens and Gaskell may also have opposing ideas on the character of their central ghost/s. All the ghosts were victims of ugly situations; Dicken’s ghost was a victim of murder in Piccadilly while Gaskell’s ghost were one family ? girl and mother, were victims of cruel treatment from Lord Furnivall, and Lord Furnivall, was a victim of his conscience over what had happened to her child and granddaughter. The difference between the ghost/s from the two stories is that Dickens’ adopted a protagonist ghost while Gaskell adopted that of the antagonistic Ghost. The Murder-Victim-Ghost (Dickens’ story) helped the jury decide on the outcomes of the court decision regarding his murder whilst that of the Three-Furnivall-Ghost aimed for retribution towards the remaining family members. They took away Grace Furnivall for the atonement of her sins over the tragic matter that had occurred in the Fell. Grace turned over the secret of her hated sister to Lord Gaskell and did not do anything with the banishment during the winter in Fell, hence the heavy retribution. Also, the tone differs for both stories because the reader tries to accept the purpose and presence of the ghost in Dickens’ story, hence there is no-fright-appeal. Opposite is true for Gaskell’s story, which sets an easy tone at the start of the story followed by a frightening tone in the middle which builds incessantly until the last part of the story. If a reader wants to be really frightened, then, he/she should read Gaskell’s The Old Nurse’s Story. The theme for both stories is justice and retribution. Charles Dickens’ Murder-Ghost seeks justice for the heinous act of the prisoner who killed him in Piccadilly by approaching a favorable juror which will point or clear his case even on the demise of his after-death. He even whispers and apparatus at dreams of each juror and was an active participator in the litigation of his murder case. He whispers to the witness and even dabbles with the thoughts of the venerable Judge. Ghost is powerful here since he has the ability to mobilize people in the courtroom through their thoughts. Elizabeth Gaskell was rather extreme and dramatic in the unfair retribution that he had bestowed on Grace Furnivall. Gaskell opted at first for a scandalous family, full of deceit and lies and with all the family members jealous of each other. She paints the death of each member of the family as an ugly moment, wherein, even the souls would never seek peace. Understand that this is the most commonly adopted mantra for horror stories nowadays ? scandal associated with un-restful souls. The ghosts then seek retribution for the death that had occurred in the Fell and the culprit was found to be Grace Furnivall. What is most amazing about Gaskell is that she inserted an important character Rosamund which turned out to be only an accessory character in the story. In this manner, Gaskell was able to mislead the reader into believing that the girl Rosamund was their target when in fact it was the old Grace Furnivall who was really their intention. In the end, Grace becomes afflicted with madness or becomes a neurotic. A perfect case for retribution. Victorian Era’s literary appeal is that it redounds with romance and horror that is highly popular during those times. Much can be said regarding the perception of the supernatural as gained from the two stories. Unrestfull souls (in the form of ghosts, apparitions) whose death is not yet conclusive, seek to circulate around the earth looking for answers before exiting from this human world. They may either be good or bad. Sometimes they manifest in dreams or they may as well have been the result of conscience (e. g. Grace Furnivall). The supernaturals are intangible and are separate entities from the human beings. Although they are viewed as concrete-abstract, they are believe to have an active participation in earthly doings (This cannot be proven and explained. ). Supernatural literature may have reflected the ideologies and beliefs of the people in the past but in the realm of technology today, they are still regarded as literary amusement; something to be entertained with but never to be believed in. Work Cited Stone, W. and M. Edwards. Understanding Literature. NY: JMC Press Inc. , 1986.